https://www.0xkishan.comDistributed systems, language models and the machinery underneath, by Kishan Kumar.en https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/how-agentic-rag-learns-to-say-i-dont-knowhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/how-agentic-rag-learns-to-say-i-dont-knowSat, 17 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMTA model that doesn't know your company's policies will make them up. RAG hands it the right paragraph, and agentic RAG makes it check that paragraph before it answers. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/what-are-word-embeddings-anywayhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/what-are-word-embeddings-anywayFri, 31 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMTMeaning is not typed in by anyone; It falls out of a prediction game played over billions of sentences, and the leftover geometry is what we call an embedding. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/what-are-tokens-in-an-llm-anywayhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/what-are-tokens-in-an-llm-anywaySat, 25 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMTThe algorithm behind GPT's tokenizer is called BPE, byte pair encoding; It's close to the simplest thing that could possibly work, which is usually a good sign https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/dont-let-ai-make-you-artificialhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/dont-let-ai-make-you-artificialSat, 04 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMTWe use LLMs in almost every part of our life; From debugging a coding issue, to formatting the email, to planning the itinerary, to comparing between different products, to analyzing different situations. In some cases, even asking it to choose for us, as if we no longer have that mental faculty at all. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/designing-the-webhook-delivery-systemhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/designing-the-webhook-delivery-systemMon, 23 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMTA webhook is a lightweight, event-driven mechanism that allows one application to automatically send real-time data to another via HTTP (typically a POST request) immediately when a specific event occurs. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/design-a-news-aggregator-systemhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/design-a-news-aggregator-systemSun, 22 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMTA news aggregator, like Google News, Apple News, or Flipboard is a digital service that continuously collects news articles from thousands of publishers around the world, processes and organizes them, and presents them to users in a unified, scrollable feed. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/hazelcast-a-simple-distributed-cachehttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/hazelcast-a-simple-distributed-cacheWed, 15 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMTNow, let’s define Hazelcast in more easy to understand terms: it is a distributed cache that lives within your applications, keeping them perfectly synchronized without the need for an external caching service like Redis. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/designing-inventory-mgmt-systemhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/designing-inventory-mgmt-systemSat, 04 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMTAt its core, an inventory management system tracks products from the moment they enter a warehouse until they’re sold https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/build-your-own-api-gateway-from-scratch-in-javahttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/build-your-own-api-gateway-from-scratch-in-javaSun, 16 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMTAn API Gateway is a server that acts as an entry point for all your API requests from client to target application or services https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/the-google-file-system-explained-part-onehttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/the-google-file-system-explained-part-oneWed, 12 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMTThe Google File System is a scalable distributed file system for large distributed data-intensive applications; It provides fault tolerance while running on inexpensive commodity hardware, and it delivers high aggregate performance to a large number of clients. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/designing-youtubehttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/designing-youtubeTue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMTYouTube has become synonymous with video sharing and streaming; Whether you want to master a recipe, learn to code, or watch Apple unveil their latest tech innovations, YouTube has you covered https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/apache-kafka-a-comprehensive-guidehttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/apache-kafka-a-comprehensive-guideTue, 27 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMTAt its core, Apache Kafka is an open-source distributed event streaming platform that allows you to publish, subscribe to, store, and process streams of records (messages) in real time. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/designing-a-scalable-news-feed-architecturehttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/designing-a-scalable-news-feed-architectureMon, 05 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMTA news feed is a list of posts that a user sees when they open some renowned apps such as Twitter, Instagram, or LinkedIn; There you get all the information about the users that you follow or sometimes post that you might be interested in. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/designing-and-implementing-a-url-shortenerhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/designing-and-implementing-a-url-shortenerSat, 27 Jul 2024 00:00:00 GMTA URL shortener is a service that takes a long URL and creates a shorter, more manageable link that redirects to the original URL. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/consistent-hashinghttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/consistent-hashingTue, 23 Jul 2024 00:00:00 GMTConsistent hashing is a distributed hashing technique that aims to evenly distribute data across a set of nodes (servers) and minimize the impact of node additions or removals. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/designing-and-implementing-an-api-rate-limiter-in-javahttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/designing-and-implementing-an-api-rate-limiter-in-javaThu, 11 Jul 2024 00:00:00 GMTA rate limiter is a service that ensures no one can perform any operation if they have exceeded their quota within a certain time duration. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/build-your-own-search-engine-from-scratch-in-javahttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/build-your-own-search-engine-from-scratch-in-javaSat, 30 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMTYou see, the Internet is a large collection of websites; hundreds if not millions of pages are added each day, and Google or Bing can retrieve the information in a fraction of a second. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/chainlink-bridging-the-on-chain-and-off-chain-worldshttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/chainlink-bridging-the-on-chain-and-off-chain-worldsThu, 21 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMTChainlink is a decentralized oracle network that provides smart contracts with a tamper-proof and highly available connection to all the world's highest-quality data feeds. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/a-deep-dive-into-oauth2-for-seamless-data-accesshttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/a-deep-dive-into-oauth2-for-seamless-data-accessSat, 16 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMTThe term "Open" refers to the fact that the protocol is an open standard, meaning it is not proprietary and is openly available for anyone to implement. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/decoding-zookeeperhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/decoding-zookeeperSat, 02 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMTZookeeper is a robust service that aims to deliver coordination among distributed systems so that the application developers don't have to spend their entire time fretting about the coordination logic but focus on what they are best at, ie, their application logic. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/learn-dropwizardhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/learn-dropwizardSun, 26 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMTDropwizard is an opensource Java framework for building scalable RESTful web services, microservices, and bundles https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/introduction-to-vertxhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/introduction-to-vertxSat, 18 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMTVert.x is called a "Polyglot" toolkit because it supports multiple programming languages and paradigms https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/what-is-nextjshttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/what-is-nextjsSat, 04 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMTNextJS is a React framework that provides a set of tools and features " + " to help you build fast and scalable web applications https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/jdk-vs-jvm-vs-jrehttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/jdk-vs-jvm-vs-jreSun, 29 Oct 2023 00:00:00 GMTIn the world of Java development, understanding the roles of the three "J"s - JVM, JRE, and JDK - is more than a matter of convenience; it's a fundamental necessity https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/what-is-forward-and-reverse-proxyhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/what-is-forward-and-reverse-proxySat, 14 Oct 2023 00:00:00 GMTA proxy server serves as an intermediary between a client requesting a resource and the server providing that resource. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/mev-explained-how-miners-and-validators-extract-extra-value-from-blockchain-transactionshttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/mev-explained-how-miners-and-validators-extract-extra-value-from-blockchain-transactionsSat, 23 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMTMEV is a term that describes the total amount measured in cryptocurrency that a miner, validator, or any other network participant could make by strategically influencing the execution of transactions on a blockchain https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/how-dpop-works-a-guide-to-proof-of-possession-for-web-tokenshttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/how-dpop-works-a-guide-to-proof-of-possession-for-web-tokensTue, 19 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMTThe primary aim of DPoP is to prevent unauthorized or illegitimate parties from using leaked or stolen access tokens, by binding a token to a public key upon issuance and requiring that the client proves possession of the corresponding private key when using the token https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/building-a-custom-authentication-flow-in-next-js-13-from-scratchhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/building-a-custom-authentication-flow-in-next-js-13-from-scratchFri, 15 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMTWe’ll be building a simple NextJS application; we’ll work through both the frontend and the backend part. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/how-authentication-works-a-step-by-step-explanationhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/how-authentication-works-a-step-by-step-explanationTue, 05 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMTI recently wanted to build a project where I was required to have a feature to authenticate users. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/how-to-store-and-retrieve-data-from-the-disk-efficientlyhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/how-to-store-and-retrieve-data-from-the-disk-efficientlySun, 20 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMTData is the lifeblood of any modern application; whether it is a web application, a mobile app, or desktop software, data is what makes it practical and valuable. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/sharding-for-beginnershttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/sharding-for-beginnersThu, 03 Aug 2023 00:00:00 GMTSharding means breaking down a big dataset into small disjoint subsets https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/what-are-rollupshttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/what-are-rollupsSat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMTRollups are a way of aggregating transactions and processing them off-chain and publishing the result back to the on-chain. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/account-abstractionhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/account-abstractionSat, 08 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMTAccount abstraction is a concept in Ethereum that will enable users to interact with the blockchain using a smart contract wallet instead of a traditional externally owned account (EOA) https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/threads-processes-programshttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/threads-processes-programsFri, 07 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMTA program is nothing but a set of instructions. Here is how a program becomes a process when it runs, and why one process can run many threads. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/forking-in-blockchain-a-double-edged-sword-for-security-and-innovationhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/forking-in-blockchain-a-double-edged-sword-for-security-and-innovationSun, 02 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMTForking in the context of blockchain refers to diverging a blockchain’s history into two or more separate paths. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/amm-the-secret-sauce-of-defi-liquidityhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/amm-the-secret-sauce-of-defi-liquiditySat, 01 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMTAMM stands for Automated Market Maker, it is a type of decentralized exchange (DEX) that is governed by smart contracts. Think of it as trading tokens without finding someone who wants to buy or sell them. You trade with a pool of tokens controlled by a smart contract. But if there is no buyer or seller, who decides the price to sell or buy from? https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/what-is-p2p-and-why-should-you-carehttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/what-is-p2p-and-why-should-you-careFri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTPeer-to-Peer (P2P) architecture is a decentralized model where each node, or "peer," acts as a client and a server. This contrasts with the traditional client-server model, where a central server provides resources or services, and clients consume them https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/zkevmhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/zkevmThu, 29 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTzkEVM is a type of zk rollup that is compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine, which means that it can execute smart contracts written in Solidity or other high-level languages. It is one of the possible implementations of zk rollups, but not the only one. There are other zk rollup (Layer 2) projects that use different languages or frameworks for smart contracts, such as zkSync, StarkWare, or Loopring. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/satoshis-ingenious-decision-behind-bitcoins-non-turing-completenesshttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/satoshis-ingenious-decision-behind-bitcoins-non-turing-completenessWed, 28 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTTuring completeness is very dangerous, particularly in open-access systems like public blockchain, because of the halting problem. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/bitcoin-blocks-understanding-the-basicshttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/bitcoin-blocks-understanding-the-basicsSat, 24 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTA Bitcoin block is a fundamental component of the Bitcoin blockchain. " + " It is a data structure that contains a collection of transactions that " + " have been verified and grouped together by miners. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/merkle-tree-a-blockchain-perspectivehttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/merkle-tree-a-blockchain-perspectiveSat, 24 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTA Merkle Tree is a binary tree of hash values, where each leaf node represents a single piece of data or a hash of a piece of data. It is used to verify the integrity of large amounts of data efficiently. It was invented by Ralph Merkle in 1979 and is widely used in cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/a-simple-guide-to-understanding-fantoms-lachesis-protocol-and-dag-structurehttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/a-simple-guide-to-understanding-fantoms-lachesis-protocol-and-dag-structureFri, 23 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTFantom is a blockchain platform designed to provide fast and scalable transactions, making it a promising platform for the future of decentralized finance and beyond. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/merkel-tree-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-workhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/merkel-tree-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-workThu, 22 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTA Merkle Tree is a data structure used to verify the integrity of " + " large amounts of data efficiently. It was invented by Ralph Merkle in " + " 1979 and is widely used in cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/what-does-hashrate-mean-in-the-bitcoin-networkhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/what-does-hashrate-mean-in-the-bitcoin-networkSun, 18 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTHashrate is a measure of the computing power of a network that uses the Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus mechanism, such as Bitcoin. It indicates how many times per second the miners can attempt to solve a mathematical puzzle that validates transactions and creates new blocks. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/have-you-got-your-eth-domain-yethttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/have-you-got-your-eth-domain-yetFri, 16 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTThere is a new trend in the blockchain community: users are grabbing their blockchain-specific domain. Some are going after the .crypto domain, and some are going after the .sol domain. Each blockchain offers a domain followed by its native token. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/why-do-all-transactions-and-addresses-on-the-blockchain-have-the-prefix-0xhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/why-do-all-transactions-and-addresses-on-the-blockchain-have-the-prefix-0xTue, 13 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTIf you are new to the blockchain, you probably would have set up your Metamask and gotten your first address. If you haven't, why not we get you an address first? You can read the below article to get started. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/lets-talk-about-nftshttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/lets-talk-about-nftsMon, 12 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTNFT stands for Non-fungible Token. Let's understand this using a " + ' simple example. If I ask, "Will you exchange my 1 dollar with your 1 ' + " dollar?\". You'll be surprised, or you may think they both are the " + " same, god, dammit, and you'll be right. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/how-much-data-can-we-storehttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/how-much-data-can-we-storeSun, 11 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTEverything in this universe is made out of some basic unit. In this article, we'll try to visualize the storage system of a modern " + " computer. After reading this article, you'll have an idea to compare " + " how much storage is with day-to-day life. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/the-application-and-limitations-of-blockchain-technologyhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/the-application-and-limitations-of-blockchain-technologySat, 10 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTWhat is Blockchain that we all hear about? If I had to infer something from it, I'd say blocks chained together. Okay, but blocks, what are they? Some sort of data structure? https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/quantum-computing-a-threathttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/quantum-computing-a-threatWed, 07 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTQuantum computing is a new paradigm of computing that uses quantum mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/zk-rollupshttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/zk-rollupsTue, 06 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTZero-knowledge (Zk) rollups are a layer 2 scaling solution that " + " increases throughput on Ethereum by moving computation and state " + " storage off-chain. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/avalanchehttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/avalancheMon, 05 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTAvalanche network is an innovative contract platform that aims to improve blockchain technology regarding interoperability, scalability, and usability. It has a native token, AVAX, used for paying fees, securing the network, and staking https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/segwithttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/segwitSun, 04 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTSegwit is derived from Segregated Witness and is an upgrade to the Bitcoin network that aims to solve several issues, such as scalability, transaction malleability, and block size. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/smart-contracts-a-simple-guidehttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/smart-contracts-a-simple-guideSat, 03 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTSmart contracts are digital contracts or programs, a set of " + " instructions stored on a blockchain that is automatically executed " + " when predetermined terms and conditions are met. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/how-to-get-started-with-the-decentralized-webhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/how-to-get-started-with-the-decentralized-webFri, 02 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTWeb3 is a term that refers to a new paradigm for the Internet, where " + " users can interact directly with each other and with decentralized " + " applications (DApps) without relying on intermediaries or middlemen. " + " Web3 is built on the blockchain, a distributed ledger technology that " + " enables peer-to-peer transactions and consensus without a central " + " authority. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/the-ultimate-guide-to-brc-20-tokenshttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/the-ultimate-guide-to-brc-20-tokensThu, 01 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMTTo understand the concept of BRC-20, we might first need to start with ERC-20. If you are familiar with Java, you can think of ERC-20 as something like an Interface. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/exploring-solanahttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/exploring-solanaTue, 30 May 2023 00:00:00 GMTSolana is a high-performance blockchain platform that provides fast and scalable solutions for decentralized applications (dApps) and cryptocurrencies. It achieves high transaction per second (TPS) rates and scalability through innovative technologies. Let’s dive deep into its components and see how it differs from the leader Ethereum and other currenciess https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/proof-of-stakehttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/proof-of-stakeMon, 29 May 2023 00:00:00 GMTProof of Stake (PoS) is a consensus algorithm used in blockchain networks to achieve agreement on the state of the blockchain and validate transactions. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/proof-of-workhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/proof-of-workSun, 28 May 2023 00:00:00 GMTProof-of-Work (PoW) is a consensus algorithm vital in securing and validating transactions in blockchain networks. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/ipfshttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/ipfsSat, 27 May 2023 00:00:00 GMTIPFS, stands for InterPlanetary File System. It is a peer-to-peer network that allows users to store and access files without relying on a centralized server https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/polygonhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/polygonWed, 24 May 2023 00:00:00 GMTPolygon is a layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum. Here is how sidechains and Plasma help it scale, and how the Polygon network fits together. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/ethereumhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/ethereumTue, 23 May 2023 00:00:00 GMTEthereum is a distributed state machine, it is open source, globally decentralized computing " + "infrastructure that executes programs called smart contracts, that are written in Solidity. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/bitcoin-networkhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/bitcoin-networkMon, 22 May 2023 00:00:00 GMTBitcoin is structured as a peer-to-peer network architecture on top of " + " the Internet. The network nodes interconnect in a mesh network with a " + " “flat” topology. There is no server, no centralized service, and no " + " hierarchy within the network. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/bitcoin-transactionshttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/bitcoin-transactionsSun, 21 May 2023 00:00:00 GMTTransactions are data structures that encode the transfer of value between participants in the bitcoin system. Each transaction is a public entry in bitcoin’s blockchain, the global double-entry bookkeeping ledger. https://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/bitcoinhttps://www.0xkishan.com/blogs/bitcoinSat, 20 May 2023 00:00:00 GMTBitcoin is a distributed, peer-to-peer system; Bitcoins are created through a process called mining, which involves " + " competing to find solutions to a mathematical problem while processing " + " bitcoin transactions